How much do different payments cost in India as govt levies 0.4% charge on UPI?

The government has decided to levy 0.4% merchant discount rate (MDR) on UPI transactions worth over ₹2,000 made to shops and businesses. Credit cards attract MDR between 1.5-2.5%, while for debit card payments, MDR is capped at 0.9%. UPI payments to family and contacts remain free, while those linked to telecom, railways, or fuel will attract a flat ₹5 MDR.