As per a study by IISc, 93% of Bengaluru is concrete jungle. The city's built-up area in 1973 was just 8% and it stood at 93.3% in 2023, the study stated. Over the last 50 years, due to reckless concretisation, the water surface has shrunk considerably in the city, Professor TV Ramachandra of IISc’s Centre for Ecological Sciences said.