A study by the Economic Advisory Council to the PM (EAC-PM) said Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala and Tamil Nadu collectively accounted for about 30% of India's GDP in 2023-24. "Before 1991, southern states did not show expectational performance," the report said. "However, since the economic liberalisation of 1991, the southern states have emerged as the leading performers," it added.